2013 Foundations

Performance Feedback and Firm Risk Taking: The Moderating Effects of CEO and Outside Director Stock Options

Elizabeth Lim, Brian T. McCann

Organization Science

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Cited by in snapshot: 33
References in snapshot: 18
Global cited by: 187

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Cited by 33

Disentangling Risk and Change Aleksandra Kacperczyk, Christine M. Beckman, Thomas P. Moliterno · 2014
Unpacking experience effects in developing novel products for new markets Ha Hoang, Hakan Ener · 2015
Managerial Risk Taking Robert E. Hoskisson et al. · 2016
CEO option wealth and firm risk-taking: An analysis of multiple reference points Elizabeth Lim · 2017
Social pay reference point, external environment, and risk taking: An integrated behavioral and social psychological view Elizabeth Lim · 2018
Renewing Research on Problemistic Search—A Review and Research Agenda Hart E. Posen et al. · 2017
The behavioral theory of the (community‐oriented) firm: The differing response of community‐oriented firms to performance relative to aspirations Stephen Smulowitz, Horacio Enrique Rousseau, Philip Bromiley · 2020
Biased interpretation of performance feedback: The role of CEO overconfidence Christian Schumacher, Steffen Keck, Wenjie Tang · 2020

Show 25 more citing records

The role of top management teams in firm responses to performance shortfalls Kalin D. Kolev, Gerry McNamara · 2022
Problem-Solving or Self-Enhancing? Influences of Diversification and Bright Spot on Corporate Resource Allocation Responses to Performance Shortfalls Elizabeth Lim, Pino G. Audia · 2020
Performance Shortfall, Feedback Interpretation and R&D Search: The Differential Effects of Peers’ Performance Below Historical and Social Aspirations Lakshmi Goyal, Vikas Goyal · 2022
The behavioral agency model: Revised concepts and implications for operations and supply chain research Luis R. Gómez‐Mejía et al. · 2021
Problemistic Search of the Embedded Firm: The Joint Effects of Performance Feedback and Network Positions on Venture Capital Firms’ Risk Taking Songcui Hu, Qian Gu, Jun Xia · 2021
When Do Firms Crack Under Pressure? Legal Professionals, Negative Role Models, and Organizational Misconduct Leroy Gonsalves · 2023
Self‐Assessment versus Self‐Improvement Motives: How Does Social Reference Group Selection Influence Organizational Responses to Performance Feedback? Daniela Blettner, Serhan Kotiloglu, Thomas Lechler · 2023
Performance feedback and firms’ strategic actions: a cross-national meta-analysis Shan Xue, Honghui Chen, Jintao Wu · 2023
Unfinished business: integrating individual decision-makers' experience and incentives to organizational performance feedback theory Daniela Blettner, Serhan Kotiloglu, Thomas Lechler · 2023
Performance Feedback and Risk‐Taking: A Configurational Approach Lakshmi Goyal, Manish Popli · 2023
60th birthday of ‘A Behavioral Theory of the Firm’: a review of the relational concepts and recommendations for future research Moritz Hagen, Wenjia Su, Sebastian Junge · 2023
Feedback persistence matters! Uncovering the varying effects of success and failure persistence on firm risk-taking Lakshmi Goyal, Vikas Goyal · 2023
Sociopolitical and financial goals in state-owned manufacturers' expansion of production capacity: evidence from China Renfei Gao et al. · 2024
Firm performance feedback and organizational impression management: The moderating role of CEO overconfidence Hazel Husne Dadanlar et al. · 2024
Curse or blessing? Impact of the scope and duration of negative attainment discrepancy on ESG practices Shan Li et al. · 2024
Balancing Multiple Goals: The Effects of Performance Shortfalls Relative to Aspirations vs. Analysts' Earnings Forecasts Elizabeth Lim · 2024
A behavioral theory of Leviathan Inc: State firms’ responses to performance shortfalls Zhiyan Wu, Ronald Klingebiel · 2024
How do aspirations work? Financial performance shortfalls and firms' green innovation Jing Zhao, Xiyun Cheng, Jintong Guo · 2025
Institutional History, Negative Performance Feedback, and R&D Search: A Nexus of the Imprinting and Behavioral Perspectives Lakshmi Goyal · 2025
Attention to market expansion: Aspirational antecedent and risk-taking consequence Renfei Gao et al. · 2025
Shareholder Satisfaction or Societal Benefit? Coalition Support and Goal Prioritization Cyndi Man Zhang, Helen Wei Hu, Toru Yoshikawa · 2025
The silence of the slacked: The negative side effect of slack on problemistic search Sergii Nevmerzhytskyi, W. Glenn Rowe · 2025
Different Aspirations, Different Directions: A Behavioural Perspective on Negative Performance Discrepancy and Problemistic Search William C. Zhou · 2026
Revisiting the Unitary Actor Assumption: Toward Realistic Aggregation of Individual Preferences in Strategy Research Felipe A. Csaszar, John Eklund · 2026
Inconsistent performance feedback and ESG responsibility fulfilment: Empirical evidence from China Kun Zhang et al. · 2026

References 18

Performance Feedback, Slack, and The Timing of Acquisitions Dinesh N. Iyer, Kent D. Miller · 2008
Toward a Model of Risk in Declining Organizations: An Empirical Examination of Risk, Performance and Decline Robert M. Wiseman, Philip Bromiley · 1996
Situational and institutional determinants of firms' R&D search intensity Weiru Chen, Kent D. Miller · 2007
A BEHAVIORAL THEORY OF R&D EXPENDITURES AND INNOVATIONS: EVIDENCE FROM SHIPBUILDING. Henrich R. Greve · 2003
Investment and the behavioral theory of the firm: evidence from shipbuilding Henrich R. Greve · 2003
VARIABLE ORGANIZATIONAL RISK PREFERENCES: TESTS OF THE MARCH-SHAPIRA MODEL. Kent D. Miller, Weiru Chen · 2004
A Behavioral Theory of the Firm Richard M. Cyert, James G. March · 1963
Less Likely to Fail: Low Performance, Firm Size, and Factory Expansion in the Shipbuilding Industry Pino G. Audia, Henrich R. Greve · 2006

Show 10 more referenced records

Aspiration Level Adaptation: An Empirical Exploration Theresa K. Lant · 1992
Aspiration Performance and Railroads’ Patterns of Learning from Train Wrecks and Crashes Joel A. C. Baum, Kristina Dahlin · 2007
A Behavioral Agency Model of Managerial Risk Taking Robert M. Wiseman, Luis R. Gómez‐Mejía · 1998
Business Group Affiliation and Firm Search Behavior in India: Responsiveness and Focus of Attention Balagopal Vissa, Henrich R. Greve, Weiru Chen · 2009
The Liability of Leading: Battling Aspiration and Survival Goals in the Jeopardy! Tournament of Champions Elizabeth Boyle, Zur Shapira · 2012
Determinants of Firms' Backward- and Forward-Looking R&D Search Behavior Weiru Chen · 2008
Performance, Aspirations, and Risky Organizational Change Henrich R. Greve · 1998
A Behavioral Theory of the Firm William J. Baumöl, Richard M. Cyert, J. G. March · 1964
Richard M. Cyert & James G. March, A Behavioral Theory of The Firm, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1963, 332 s. Erik Johnsen · 1964
PERFORMANCE FEEDBACK, SLACK, AND THE TIMING OF ACQUISITIONS. Dinesh N. Iyer, Kent D. Miller · 2008

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Records that cite some of the same reference targets.

CEO option wealth and firm risk-taking: An analysis of multiple reference points Elizabeth Lim · 2017

47 shared references · rank 1 of 336

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Managerial Risk Taking Robert E. Hoskisson et al. · 2016

45 shared references · rank 2 of 336

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Renewing Research on Problemistic Search—A Review and Research Agenda Hart E. Posen et al. · 2017

29 shared references · rank 3 of 336

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CEO Hubris and Firm Risk Taking in China: The Moderating Role of Managerial Discretion Jiatao Li, Yi Tang · 2010

27 shared references · rank 4 of 336

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The Dynamics of the Performance–Risk Relationship Within a Performance Period: The Moderating Role of Deadline Proximity David W. Lehman et al. · 2011

26 shared references · rank 5 of 336

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Organizational Aspirations, Reference Points, and Goals George A. Shinkle · 2011

26 shared references · rank 6 of 336

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Drivers of R&D investment: The interaction of behavioral theory and managerial incentives Todd M. Alessandri, Jason M. Pattit · 2012

25 shared references · rank 7 of 336

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Determinants of Firms' Backward- and Forward-Looking R&D Search Behavior Weiru Chen · 2008

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Social pay reference point, external environment, and risk taking: An integrated behavioral and social psychological view Elizabeth Lim · 2018

25 shared references · rank 9 of 336

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Managerial Risk, Innovation, and Organizational Decline Scott Latham, Michael Braun · 2008

25 shared references · rank 10 of 336

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Disentangling Risk and Change Aleksandra Kacperczyk, Christine M. Beckman, Thomas P. Moliterno · 2014

24 shared references · rank 11 of 336

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A Behavioral Theory of Market Expansion Based on the Opportunity Prospects Rule Ilídio Barreto · 2011

23 shared references · rank 12 of 336

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Better Safe Than Sorry: Subsidiary Performance Feedback and Internal Governance in Multiunit Firms Metin Sengul, Tomasz Obłój · 2017

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Performance, Aspirations, and Market Versus Nonmarket Investment Bruce C. Rudy, Andrew F. Johnson · 2013

23 shared references · rank 14 of 336

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A Behavioral Perspective on Attention Allocation Among Multiple Goals: An Exploratory Examination of the Automotive Industry Songcui Hu · 2012

22 shared references · rank 15 of 336

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A Behavioral Model of Innovative Search: Evidence from Public Hospital Services Torsten Oliver Salge · 2010

21 shared references · rank 16 of 336

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A Behavioral Agency Model of Managerial Risk Taking Robert M. Wiseman, Luis R. Gómez‐Mejía · 1998

21 shared references · rank 17 of 336

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Less Likely to Fail: Low Performance, Firm Size, and Factory Expansion in the Shipbuilding Industry Pino G. Audia, Henrich R. Greve · 2006

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Momentum and Organizational Risk Taking: Evidence from the National Football League David W. Lehman, Jungpil Hahn · 2012

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Executive Stock Options as Mixed Gambles: Revisiting the Behavioral Agency Model Geoffrey Martin, Luis R. Gómez‐Mejía, Robert M. Wiseman · 2013

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Co-citation

Records cited together by the same public-snapshot records.

Situational and institutional determinants of firms' R&D search intensity Weiru Chen, Kent D. Miller · 2007

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Performance, Aspirations, and Risky Organizational Change Henrich R. Greve · 1998

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Determinants of Firms' Backward- and Forward-Looking R&D Search Behavior Weiru Chen · 2008

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Less Likely to Fail: Low Performance, Firm Size, and Factory Expansion in the Shipbuilding Industry Pino G. Audia, Henrich R. Greve · 2006

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A BEHAVIORAL THEORY OF R&D EXPENDITURES AND INNOVATIONS: EVIDENCE FROM SHIPBUILDING. Henrich R. Greve · 2003

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All Aspirations are not Created Equal: The Differential Effects of Historical and Social Aspirations on Acquisition Behavior Ji‐Yub Kim, Sydney Finkelstein, Jerayr Haleblian · 2014

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Driven by aspirations, but in what direction? Performance shortfalls, slack resources, and resource‐consuming vs. resource‐freeing organizational change Pasi Kuusela, Thomas Keil, Markku Maula · 2016

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Business Group Affiliation and Firm Search Behavior in India: Responsiveness and Focus of Attention Balagopal Vissa, Henrich R. Greve, Weiru Chen · 2009

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Renewing Research on Problemistic Search—A Review and Research Agenda Hart E. Posen et al. · 2017

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The Behavioral Theory of the Firm: Assessment and Prospects Giovanni Gavetti et al. · 2012

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Organizational Learning from Performance Feedback Henrich R. Greve · 2003

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Entering new markets: The effect of performance feedback near aspiration and well below and above it Ohad Ref, Zur Shapira · 2016

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Dancing with Strangers: Aspiration Performance and the Search for Underwriting Syndicate Partners Joel A. C. Baum et al. · 2005

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VARIABLE ORGANIZATIONAL RISK PREFERENCES: TESTS OF THE MARCH-SHAPIRA MODEL. Kent D. Miller, Weiru Chen · 2004

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PERFORMANCE FEEDBACK, SLACK, AND THE TIMING OF ACQUISITIONS. Dinesh N. Iyer, Kent D. Miller · 2008

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Deviant versus Aspirational Risk Taking: The Effects of Performance Feedback on Bribery Expenditure and R&D Intensity Dean Xu, Kevin Zheng Zhou, Fei Du · 2018

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Self-Enhancement and Learning from Performance Feedback Alexander Jordan, Pino G. Audia · 2012

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Corporate Structure and Performance Feedback: Aspirations and Adaptation in M-Form Firms Vibha Gaba, John Joseph · 2012

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Incentives to Cheat: The Influence of Executive Compensation and Firm Performance on Financial Misrepresentation Jared D. Harris, Philip Bromiley · 2007

13 shared citing records · rank 19 of 138

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Performance Feedback, Slack, and The Timing of Acquisitions Dinesh N. Iyer, Kent D. Miller · 2008

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