2020 Foundations

The Plural of Goal: Learning in a World of Ambiguity

Daniel A. Levinthal, Claus Rerup

Organization Science

Metadata only

Open public record

Generic document type; no canonical identity or publication type is inferred.

Cited by in snapshot: 18
References in snapshot: 27
Global cited by: 86

Within this provisional snapshot

Direct citation relationships

Arrows follow the source-record relationship: a reference is an outgoing edge; “cited by” is an incoming edge. This does not adjudicate canonical work identity.

Cited by 18

Iterative Coordination and Innovation: Prioritizing Value over Novelty Sourobh Ghosh, Andy Wu · 2023
Prior Experience of Managers and Maladaptive Responses to Performance Feedback: Evidence from Mutual Funds Vibha Gaba et al. · 2022
The Two Blades of the Scissors: Performance Feedback and Intrinsic Attributes in Organizational Risk Taking Xavier Sobrepere i Profitós, Thomas Keil, Pasi Kuusela · 2022
Literature Review Feifei Yang, Mirjam Goudsmit, George A. Shinkle · 2022
Structuring the situation: Organizational goals trigger and direct decision-making Henrich R. Greve · 2023
How allocation of resources and attention aids in pursuing multiple organizational goals Minyoung Choi, Jae‐Suk Yang · 2023
(In)Consistent Performance Feedback and the Locus of Search Thomas Keil et al. · 2023
Organizational Goals, Outcomes, and the Assessment of Performance: Reconceptualizing Success in Management Studies Ruth V. Aguilera et al. · 2023

Show 10 more citing records

Women hold up the shattering sky? Performance feedback on multiple conflicting goals and women’s representation in top management teams in the public sector Ting Huang · 2024
How Mixed Performance Feedback Shapes Exploration: The Moderating Role of Self-Enhancement Franziska Lauenstein, Daniel Newark, Oliver Baumann · 2024
Editorial: Decision making and problem solving in organizations: assessing and expanding the Carnegie perspective Pino G. Audia, Daniella Laureiro Martinez, Daniel Newark · 2024
The Dynamics of Inferential Interpretation in Experiential Learning: Deciphering Hidden Goals from Ambiguous Experience Bryan Spencer, Claus Rerup · 2024
Organization Design: Current Insights and Future Research Directions John Joseph, Metin Sengul · 2024
Learning from Inconsistent Performance Feedback Cassandra R. Chambers, Marlon Fernandes Rodrigues Alves, Pedro Aceves · 2024
Inconsistent performance feedback and firm internationalization: Can CEOs remove the haze? Anita Kerai, Nycil George · 2025
Shareholder Satisfaction or Societal Benefit? Coalition Support and Goal Prioritization Cyndi Man Zhang, Helen Wei Hu, Toru Yoshikawa · 2025
The silence of the slacked: The negative side effect of slack on problemistic search Sergii Nevmerzhytskyi, W. Glenn Rowe · 2025
Profitability and CSR: Inconsistent performance feedback and OFDI location choices for firms in emerging countries Cong Cheng, L. S. Chen · 2025

References 27

A comparison of alternative measures of organizational aspirations Philip Bromiley, Jared D. Harris · 2013
Dancing with Strangers: Aspiration Performance and the Search for Underwriting Syndicate Partners Joel A. C. Baum et al. · 2005
Reluctant to change: Self-enhancing responses to diverging performance measures Pino G. Audia, Sébastien Brion · 2006
A Behavioral Theory of Firm Growth: Sequential Attention to Size and Performance Goals Henrich R. Greve · 2008
Knowing Your Place: Social Performance Feedback in Good Times and Bad Times Thomas P. Moliterno et al. · 2014
Organizational Aspirations, Reference Points, and Goals George A. Shinkle · 2011
Self-Enhancement and Learning from Performance Feedback Alexander Jordan, Pino G. Audia · 2012
Managerial reasoning about aspirations and expectations Theresa K. Lant, Zur Shapira · 2008

Show 19 more referenced records

Comparing Aspiration Models: The Role of Selective Attention Mark Washburn, Philip Bromiley · 2011
Aspiration Performance and Railroads’ Patterns of Learning from Train Wrecks and Crashes Joel A. C. Baum, Kristina Dahlin · 2007
Disentangling Risk and Change Aleksandra Kacperczyk, Christine M. Beckman, Thomas P. Moliterno · 2014
Organizational Learning from Extreme Performance Experience: The Impact of Success and Recovery Experience June-Young Kim, Ji‐Yub Kim, Anne S. Miner · 2009
A Behavioral Theory of the Firm—40 Years and Counting: Introduction and Impact Linda Argote, Henrich R. Greve · 2007
The Liability of Leading: Battling Aspiration and Survival Goals in the Jeopardy! Tournament of Champions Elizabeth Boyle, Zur Shapira · 2012
Perspective—Neo-Carnegie: The Carnegie School’s Past, Present, and Reconstructing for the Future Giovanni Gavetti, Daniel A. Levinthal, William Ocasio · 2007
A Behavioral Theory of the Firm William J. Baumöl, Richard M. Cyert, J. G. March · 1964
Board reform versus profits: The impact of ratings on the adoption of governance practices Timothy J. Rowley, Andrew V. Shipilov, Henrich R. Greve · 2016
Self-Assessment, Self-Enhancement, and the Choice of Comparison Organizations for Evaluating Organizational Performance Pino G. Audia, Sébastien Brion, Henrich R. Greve · 2015
Conflict inside and outside: Social comparisons and attention shifts in multidivisional firms Songcui Hu et al. · 2016
Renewing Research on Problemistic Search—A Review and Research Agenda Hart E. Posen et al. · 2017
Organizational Goals: Antecedents, Formation Processes and Implications for Firm Behavior and Performance Josip Kotlar et al. · 2018
Multiple Organization Goals with Feedback from Shared Technological Task Environments Songcui Hu, Richard A. Bettis · 2018
Safe or Profitable? The Pursuit of Conflicting Goals Vibha Gaba, Henrich R. Greve · 2019
Corporate Structure and Performance Feedback: Aspirations and Adaptation in M-Form Firms Vibha Gaba, John Joseph · 2012
Aspirations, innovation, and corporate venture capital: A behavioral perspective Vibha Gaba, Shantanu Bhattacharya · 2012
The Behavioral Theory of the Firm: Assessment and Prospects Giovanni Gavetti et al. · 2012
Organizational Learning from Performance Feedback Henrich R. Greve · 2003

Bounded connected-literature evidence

Why these records are nearby

These are aggregate discovery relationships, not direct citations, identity decisions, recommendations, or a complete neighborhood. Ranks and metrics come unchanged from the engine’s public projection.

Bibliographic coupling

Records that cite some of the same reference targets.

Renewing Research on Problemistic Search—A Review and Research Agenda Hart E. Posen et al. · 2017

28 shared references · rank 1 of 347

Shared references
28
This record reference degree
103
Neighbor reference degree
332
Cosine
0.151
Jaccard
0.069
Selected rank
1 of 347
Content and process: organizational conflict and decision making Vibha Gaba, John Joseph · 2023

26 shared references · rank 2 of 347

Shared references
26
This record reference degree
103
Neighbor reference degree
131
Cosine
0.224
Jaccard
0.125
Selected rank
2 of 347
Organizational Learning from Performance Feedback: A Behavioral Perspective on Multiple Goals Pino G. Audia, Henrich R. Greve · 2021

25 shared references · rank 3 of 347

Shared references
25
This record reference degree
103
Neighbor reference degree
163
Cosine
0.193
Jaccard
0.104
Selected rank
3 of 347
How Mixed Performance Feedback Shapes Exploration: The Moderating Role of Self-Enhancement Franziska Lauenstein, Daniel Newark, Oliver Baumann · 2024

23 shared references · rank 4 of 347

Shared references
23
This record reference degree
103
Neighbor reference degree
93
Cosine
0.235
Jaccard
0.133
Selected rank
4 of 347
Structuring the situation: Organizational goals trigger and direct decision-making Henrich R. Greve · 2023

23 shared references · rank 5 of 347

Shared references
23
This record reference degree
103
Neighbor reference degree
101
Cosine
0.226
Jaccard
0.127
Selected rank
5 of 347
The Dynamics of Inferential Interpretation in Experiential Learning: Deciphering Hidden Goals from Ambiguous Experience Bryan Spencer, Claus Rerup · 2024

22 shared references · rank 6 of 347

Shared references
22
This record reference degree
103
Neighbor reference degree
114
Cosine
0.203
Jaccard
0.113
Selected rank
6 of 347
Organizational Learning in Target Setting Carmen Aranda León, Javier Arellano, Antonio Dávila · 2016

21 shared references · rank 7 of 347

Shared references
21
This record reference degree
103
Neighbor reference degree
109
Cosine
0.198
Jaccard
0.110
Selected rank
7 of 347
Organizational responses to performance feedback: A meta-analytic review Serhan Kotiloglu, Yan Chen, Thomas Lechler · 2019

20 shared references · rank 8 of 347

Shared references
20
This record reference degree
103
Neighbor reference degree
133
Cosine
0.171
Jaccard
0.093
Selected rank
8 of 347
Innovation performance feedback and technological alliance portfolio diversity: The moderating role of firms’ R&D intensity Andrea Martínez‐Noya, Esteban García Canal · 2021

20 shared references · rank 9 of 347

Shared references
20
This record reference degree
103
Neighbor reference degree
163
Cosine
0.154
Jaccard
0.081
Selected rank
9 of 347
Safe or Profitable? The Pursuit of Conflicting Goals Vibha Gaba, Henrich R. Greve · 2019

19 shared references · rank 10 of 347

Shared references
19
This record reference degree
103
Neighbor reference degree
46
Cosine
0.276
Jaccard
0.146
Selected rank
10 of 347
Organizational Learning from Performance Feedback: A Behavioral Perspective on Multiple Goals: A Multiple Goals Perspective Pino G. Audia, Henrich R. Greve · 2021

19 shared references · rank 11 of 347

Shared references
19
This record reference degree
103
Neighbor reference degree
141
Cosine
0.158
Jaccard
0.084
Selected rank
11 of 347
Editorial: Decision making and problem solving in organizations: assessing and expanding the Carnegie perspective Pino G. Audia, Daniella Laureiro Martinez, Daniel Newark · 2024

18 shared references · rank 12 of 347

Shared references
18
This record reference degree
103
Neighbor reference degree
55
Cosine
0.239
Jaccard
0.129
Selected rank
12 of 347
Performance Feedback Persistence: Comparative Effects of Historical Versus Peer Performance Feedback on Innovative Search Yang Ye, Wei Yu, Robert S. Nason · 2020

18 shared references · rank 13 of 347

Shared references
18
This record reference degree
103
Neighbor reference degree
101
Cosine
0.176
Jaccard
0.097
Selected rank
13 of 347
Organizational Structure and Performance Feedback: Centralization, Aspirations, and Termination Decisions John Joseph, Ronald Klingebiel, Alex James Wilson · 2016

18 shared references · rank 14 of 347

Shared references
18
This record reference degree
103
Neighbor reference degree
102
Cosine
0.176
Jaccard
0.096
Selected rank
14 of 347
The behavioral theory of the (community‐oriented) firm: The differing response of community‐oriented firms to performance relative to aspirations Stephen Smulowitz, Horacio Enrique Rousseau, Philip Bromiley · 2020

18 shared references · rank 15 of 347

Shared references
18
This record reference degree
103
Neighbor reference degree
111
Cosine
0.168
Jaccard
0.092
Selected rank
15 of 347
Self‐Assessment versus Self‐Improvement Motives: How Does Social Reference Group Selection Influence Organizational Responses to Performance Feedback? Daniela Blettner, Serhan Kotiloglu, Thomas Lechler · 2023

18 shared references · rank 16 of 347

Shared references
18
This record reference degree
103
Neighbor reference degree
199
Cosine
0.126
Jaccard
0.063
Selected rank
16 of 347
Signposts for Problemistic Search: Reference Points and Adaptation in Rugged Landscapes Axel Zeijen, Manuel Romagnoli, Luigi Marengo · 2025

17 shared references · rank 17 of 347

Shared references
17
This record reference degree
103
Neighbor reference degree
82
Cosine
0.185
Jaccard
0.101
Selected rank
17 of 347
Driven by aspirations, but in what direction? Performance shortfalls, slack resources, and resource‐consuming vs. resource‐freeing organizational change Pasi Kuusela, Thomas Keil, Markku Maula · 2016

17 shared references · rank 18 of 347

Shared references
17
This record reference degree
103
Neighbor reference degree
87
Cosine
0.180
Jaccard
0.098
Selected rank
18 of 347
Conflict inside and outside: Social comparisons and attention shifts in multidivisional firms Songcui Hu et al. · 2016

16 shared references · rank 19 of 347

Shared references
16
This record reference degree
103
Neighbor reference degree
67
Cosine
0.193
Jaccard
0.104
Selected rank
19 of 347
(In)Consistent Performance Feedback and the Locus of Search Thomas Keil et al. · 2023

16 shared references · rank 20 of 347

Shared references
16
This record reference degree
103
Neighbor reference degree
69
Cosine
0.190
Jaccard
0.103
Selected rank
20 of 347

Co-citation

Records cited together by the same public-snapshot records.

Safe or Profitable? The Pursuit of Conflicting Goals Vibha Gaba, Henrich R. Greve · 2019

14 shared citing records · rank 1 of 73

Shared citing records
14
This record citer degree
18
Neighbor citer degree
61
Cosine
0.423
Jaccard
0.215
Selected rank
1 of 73
Renewing Research on Problemistic Search—A Review and Research Agenda Hart E. Posen et al. · 2017

13 shared citing records · rank 2 of 73

Shared citing records
13
This record citer degree
18
Neighbor citer degree
94
Cosine
0.316
Jaccard
0.131
Selected rank
2 of 73
Organizational Learning from Performance Feedback: A Behavioral Perspective on Multiple Goals Pino G. Audia, Henrich R. Greve · 2021

11 shared citing records · rank 3 of 73

Shared citing records
11
This record citer degree
18
Neighbor citer degree
63
Cosine
0.327
Jaccard
0.157
Selected rank
3 of 73
Self-Enhancement and Learning from Performance Feedback Alexander Jordan, Pino G. Audia · 2012

11 shared citing records · rank 4 of 73

Shared citing records
11
This record citer degree
18
Neighbor citer degree
65
Cosine
0.322
Jaccard
0.153
Selected rank
4 of 73
Reluctant to change: Self-enhancing responses to diverging performance measures Pino G. Audia, Sébastien Brion · 2006

10 shared citing records · rank 5 of 73

Shared citing records
10
This record citer degree
18
Neighbor citer degree
62
Cosine
0.299
Jaccard
0.143
Selected rank
5 of 73
Dancing with Strangers: Aspiration Performance and the Search for Underwriting Syndicate Partners Joel A. C. Baum et al. · 2005

10 shared citing records · rank 6 of 73

Shared citing records
10
This record citer degree
18
Neighbor citer degree
133
Cosine
0.204
Jaccard
0.071
Selected rank
6 of 73
A Behavioral Theory of the Firm William J. Baumöl, Richard M. Cyert, J. G. March · 1964

10 shared citing records · rank 7 of 73

Shared citing records
10
This record citer degree
18
Neighbor citer degree
140
Cosine
0.199
Jaccard
0.068
Selected rank
7 of 73
Organizational Learning from Performance Feedback Henrich R. Greve · 2003

10 shared citing records · rank 8 of 73

Shared citing records
10
This record citer degree
18
Neighbor citer degree
192
Cosine
0.170
Jaccard
0.050
Selected rank
8 of 73
Performance, Aspirations, and Risky Organizational Change Henrich R. Greve · 1998

9 shared citing records · rank 9 of 73

Shared citing records
9
This record citer degree
18
Neighbor citer degree
241
Cosine
0.137
Jaccard
0.036
Selected rank
9 of 73
Multiple Organization Goals with Feedback from Shared Technological Task Environments Songcui Hu, Richard A. Bettis · 2018

8 shared citing records · rank 10 of 73

Shared citing records
8
This record citer degree
18
Neighbor citer degree
27
Cosine
0.363
Jaccard
0.216
Selected rank
10 of 73
Corporate Structure and Performance Feedback: Aspirations and Adaptation in M-Form Firms Vibha Gaba, John Joseph · 2012

8 shared citing records · rank 11 of 73

Shared citing records
8
This record citer degree
18
Neighbor citer degree
69
Cosine
0.227
Jaccard
0.101
Selected rank
11 of 73
Less Likely to Fail: Low Performance, Firm Size, and Factory Expansion in the Shipbuilding Industry Pino G. Audia, Henrich R. Greve · 2006

8 shared citing records · rank 12 of 73

Shared citing records
8
This record citer degree
18
Neighbor citer degree
125
Cosine
0.169
Jaccard
0.059
Selected rank
12 of 73
Aspiration Performance and Railroads’ Patterns of Learning from Train Wrecks and Crashes Joel A. C. Baum, Kristina Dahlin · 2007

7 shared citing records · rank 13 of 73

Shared citing records
7
This record citer degree
18
Neighbor citer degree
86
Cosine
0.178
Jaccard
0.072
Selected rank
13 of 73
The Behavioral Theory of the Firm: Assessment and Prospects Giovanni Gavetti et al. · 2012

7 shared citing records · rank 14 of 73

Shared citing records
7
This record citer degree
18
Neighbor citer degree
110
Cosine
0.157
Jaccard
0.058
Selected rank
14 of 73
A Behavioral Theory of Firm Growth: Sequential Attention to Size and Performance Goals Henrich R. Greve · 2008

7 shared citing records · rank 15 of 73

Shared citing records
7
This record citer degree
18
Neighbor citer degree
119
Cosine
0.151
Jaccard
0.054
Selected rank
15 of 73
Disentangling Risk and Change Aleksandra Kacperczyk, Christine M. Beckman, Thomas P. Moliterno · 2014

6 shared citing records · rank 16 of 73

Shared citing records
6
This record citer degree
18
Neighbor citer degree
55
Cosine
0.191
Jaccard
0.090
Selected rank
16 of 73
Driven by aspirations, but in what direction? Performance shortfalls, slack resources, and resource‐consuming vs. resource‐freeing organizational change Pasi Kuusela, Thomas Keil, Markku Maula · 2016

6 shared citing records · rank 17 of 73

Shared citing records
6
This record citer degree
18
Neighbor citer degree
62
Cosine
0.180
Jaccard
0.081
Selected rank
17 of 73
A Behavioral Theory of the Firm Richard H. Day et al. · 1964

6 shared citing records · rank 18 of 73

Shared citing records
6
This record citer degree
18
Neighbor citer degree
116
Cosine
0.131
Jaccard
0.047
Selected rank
18 of 73
A BEHAVIORAL THEORY OF R&D EXPENDITURES AND INNOVATIONS: EVIDENCE FROM SHIPBUILDING. Henrich R. Greve · 2003

6 shared citing records · rank 19 of 73

Shared citing records
6
This record citer degree
18
Neighbor citer degree
175
Cosine
0.107
Jaccard
0.032
Selected rank
19 of 73
Responding to Inconsistent Performance Feedback on Multiple Goals: The Contingency Role of Decision Maker's Status in Introducing Changes Κωνσταντίνος Κωστόπουλος, Evangelos Syrigos, Pasi Kuusela · 2022

5 shared citing records · rank 20 of 73

Shared citing records
5
This record citer degree
18
Neighbor citer degree
13
Cosine
0.327
Jaccard
0.192
Selected rank
20 of 73

Rows require at least 2 shared references or shared citing records, as applicable, and are capped at 20 neighbors per record and relation type. See definitions, ranking, and limits.